Summary: For the first time, viruses have been found to communicate with one another, leaving short “posts” for kin and descendants. The messages help the viruses reading them decide how to proceed with the process of infection, according to research.
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Definition. A virus is an infectious microbe consisting of a segment of nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat.
The life cycle of viruses differs between species, but follows the same basic stages. Viruses can be released from the host cell by lysis, a process that kills the cell by bursting its membrane and cell wall if present. This is a feature of many bacterial and some animal viruses.
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A key step in the virus evolutionary journey seems to have come about around 1.5 billion years ago ” that’s the age at which the team estimated the 66 virus-specific protein folds came on the scene. These changes are to proteins in the virus’ outer coat ” the machinery viruses use to break into host cells.
Attachment. A virus attaches to a specific receptor site on the host cell membrane through attachment proteins in the capsid or via glycoproteins embedded in the viral envelope. The specificity of this interaction determines the host”and the cells within the host”that can be infected by a particular virus.
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COVID-19, short for “coronavirus disease 2019,” is caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Like many other viruses, SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus. This means that, unlike in humans and other mammals, the genetic material for SARS-CoV-2 is encoded in ribonucleic acid (RNA).
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Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a highly diverse family of enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses.
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Poliovirus, the prototypical picornavirus and causative agent of poliomyelitis, is a nonenveloped virus with a single-stranded RNA genome of positive polarity. The virion consists of an icosahedral protein shell, composed of four capsid proteins (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4), which encapsidates the RNA genome (1).
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Viruses may have arisen from mobile genetic elements that gained the ability to move between cells. They may be descendants of previously free-living organisms that adapted a parasitic replication strategy. Perhaps viruses existed before, and led to the evolution of, cellular life.
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In 1892, Dmitri Ivanovsky used one of these filters to show that sap from a diseased tobacco plant remained infectious to healthy tobacco plants despite having been filtered. Martinus Beijerinck called the filtered, infectious substance a “virus” and this discovery is considered to be the beginning of virology.
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Viruses are not alive â,“ they are inanimate complex organic matter. They lack any form of energy, carbon metabolism, and cannot replicate or evolve. Viruses are reproduced and evolve only within cells.
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virion, an entire virus particle, consisting of an outer protein shell called a capsid and an inner core of nucleic acid (either ribonucleic or deoxyribonucleic acid”RNA or DNA). The core confers infectivity, and the capsid provides specificity to the virus.
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All retroviruses are protein-enveloped, positive-stranded RNA viruses that encode a unique enzyme, RT, capable of catalyzing the flow of genetic information from RNA to DNA, counter to that of most biologic systems. Thus, retroviruses have a DNA intermediate in their life cycle that can integrate into the host genome.
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Viruses are surrounded by a protective protein coating; they don’t have cell walls that can be attacked by antibiotics like bacteria does. It is because of this that antibiotics don’t work on viruses.
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Human diseases causing RNA viruses include Orthomyxoviruses, Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Ebola disease, SARS, influenza, polio measles and retrovirus including adult Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
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viruses. All viruses are obligate parasites; that is, they lack metabolic machinery of their own to generate energy or to synthesize proteins, so they depend on host cells to carry out these vital functions.
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The envelopes are typically derived from portions of the host cell membranes (phospholipids and proteins), but include some viral glycoproteins. They may help viruses avoid the host immune system. Glycoproteins on the surface of the envelope serve to identify and bind to receptor sites on the host’s membrane.
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Viruses cannot replicate on their own, but rather depend on their host cell’s protein synthesis pathways to reproduce. This typically occurs by the virus inserting its genetic material in host cells, co-opting the proteins to create viral replicates, until the cell bursts from the high volume of new viral particles.
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Genetic recombination is a major force driving the evolution of many viruses. Recombination between two copackaged retroviral genomes may occur at rates as high as 40% per replication cycle1. This enables genetic information to be shuffled rapidly, leading to recombinants with new patterns of mutations and phenotypes.
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Key Points. Viral replication involves six steps: attachment, penetration, uncoating, replication, assembly, and release. During attachment and penetration, the virus attaches itself to a host cell and injects its genetic material into it.
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Function. The primary role of the virus or virion is to “deliver its DNA or RNA genome into the host cell so that the genome can be expressed (transcribed and translated) by the host cell,” according to “Medical Microbiology.” First, viruses need to access the inside of a host’s body.
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The main difference between Cells and Viruses is that a cell is a significant structural and functional unit of all living organisms. Instead, a virus is an infectious agent that is considered non-living. The cell is a living component, unlike a virus that is a parasite.
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Due to their simple structure, viruses cannot move or even reproduce without the help of an unwitting host cell.
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Viruses do not use binary fission; virus particles are assembled de novo from the various structural components synthesized as somewhat independent but synchronized events. The critical first step in the virus replication cycle is the binding of the virus particle to a host cell.