Electrons are extremely round, and some physicists are not pleased about it. The symmetrical roundness of the electrons suggested that unseen particles aren’t big enough to skew electrons into squashed oblong shapes, or ovals.
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There are very few perfect circles in nature, and orbits in atoms are no exception. Later, in 1916, the German physicist Arnold Sommerfeld refined Bohr’s “easy” picture with one a bit more complex. In this modified view the electron obits were not circular, but elliptical.
Quarks. Quarks represent the smallest known subatomic particles. These building blocks of matter are considered the new elementary particles, replacing protons, neutrons and electrons as the fundamental particles of the universe.
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Quarks are among the smallest particles in the universe, and they carry only fractional electric charges. Scientists have a good idea of how quarks make up hadrons, but the properties of individual quarks have been difficult to tease out because they can’t be observed outside of their respective hadrons.
Atoms are even smaller than molecules. Molecules are made up of atoms. Dust, air, water, people” everything is made of atoms. Atoms are so small that it takes millions of them to make a speck of dust.
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Protons and neutrons can be further broken down: they’re both made up of things called “quarks.” As far as we can tell, quarks can’t be broken down into smaller components, making them the smallest things we know of.
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Explaining molecular shapes For large molecules, such as proteins, the overall shape will be due to the bonding between atoms as well as other electrostatic and steric effects. VSEPR theory is used to explain the 3D shape around an atom in a molecule and for small molecules this can give the overall shape.
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(i) All bonded atoms occupy such positions (around the central atom) in space where the repulsive forces between them are minimum. (ii) The molecule attains minimum enthalpy and maximum stability.So molecule has a definite shape or geometry.
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Volume: Gas is the state of matter that has no definite shape or volume.
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A solid has a definite shape and a definite volume. The particles that make up a solid are packed very closely together. Each particle is tightly fixed in one position and can only vibrate in place. In many solids, the particles form a regular, repeating pattern that creates crystals.
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Three states of matter exist”solid, liquid, and gas. Solids have a definite shape and volume. Liquids have a definite volume, but take the shape of the container. Gases have no definite shape or volume.
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The collision of molecules with their container walls results in a momentum transfer (impulse) from molecules to the walls (Figure 10.7. 2).
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Gas molecules influence each other only by collision; they exert no other forces on each other. They do not stick to each other. 3. All collisions between gas molecules are perfectly elastic; all kinetic energy is conserved.
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Why do gas molecules move rapidly while solid molecules do not? Molecules within gases are further apart and weakly attracted to each other. Heat causes the molecules to move faster, (heat energy is converted to kinetic energy ) which means that the volume of a gas increases more than the volume of a solid or liquid.
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Solid materials posses many different physical properties. Some are soft, while others are hard. They can be classified in other ways such as flexible, rigid, round, flat, transparent, or opaque.
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There are three states of matter: solid; liquid and gas. They have different properties, which can be explained by looking at the arrangement of their particles. This is the theoretical temperature at which particles have the least amount of energy and the slowest movement.
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In a liquid, the particles are still in close contact, so liquids have a definite volume. However, because the particles can move about each other rather freely, a liquid has no definite shape and takes a shape dictated by its container.
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Polarity and Structure of Molecules The shape of a molecule and the polarity of its bonds determine the OVERALL POLARITY of that molecule. A molecule that contains polar bonds, might not have any overall polarity, depending upon its shape.
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A molecule is made up of atoms bonded together. So, while an atom is its own separate entity, a molecule is what you get when those atoms bond together. These might be the same elements, such as two oxygen atoms bonded together (O2), or it might be different atoms bonded together like water (H2O).
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The easy answer is that atoms are not spherical in shape. Sphere is a solid object, atoms to not have well defined boundaries with “solid cutoffs”. Atoms are more like clouds consisting distributions of electrons, neutrons and protons.
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Atoms maintain no surface in the normal sense; only regions of space where you have a better chance of finding electrons. So in fact it is not correct to say they have a true shape at all.
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Atoms are spherical in shape. The nucleus exerts equal force on each electron. So they arrange in a sphere so that they all remain equidistant from the nucleus.
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In molecular sciences, a molecule consists of a stable system (bound state) composed of two or more atoms. Polyatomic ions may sometimes be usefully thought of as electrically charged molecules.
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Learning Outcomes. All elements are most stable when their outermost shell is filled with electrons according to the octet rule. This is because it is energetically favorable for atoms to be in that configuration and it makes them stable.
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Mechanical stability can be checked by computing the force constants (or the Hessian matrix of the energy second derivatives). If it is positive definite then your molecule is stable, meaning it will not deform as it is at its energy minimum. Chemical stability maybe checked by calculating the HOMO-LUMO gap.
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The stability of atoms depends on whether or not their outer-most shell is filled with electrons. If the outer shell is filled, the atom is stable. Atoms with unfilled outer shells are unstable, and will usually form chemical bonds with other atoms to achieve stability.
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A molecule as compared to the atoms from which it is formed is more stable because it possesses energy lower than the energy of the uncombined atoms. This difference in energy is due to the fact that when atoms combine to form molecule, the attractive forces are created which result in release of energy.
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Atoms are single neutral particles. Molecules are neutral particles made of two or more atoms bonded together. An ion is a positively or negatively charged particle.
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molecule, a group of two or more atoms that form the smallest identifiable unit into which a pure substance can be divided and still retain the composition and chemical properties of that substance.
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A molecule as compared to the atoms from which it is formed is more stable because it possesses energy lower than the energy of the uncombined atoms.
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Nitrogen molecule (N2) is relatively more stable. Each N atom has completed its octet and there is a triple bond between two N atoms. In other molecules, there is either a single bond or a double bond between two atoms. A triple bond is stronger than a single or double bond.
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An atom is stable if the forces among the particles that makeup the nucleus are balanced. An atom is unstable (radioactive) if these forces are unbalanced; if the nucleus has an excess of internal energy.
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Reactant Stability/Reactivity: The more stable the reactant, the less reactive it will be. In terms of rates, this means that the more stable the reactant, the slower it will react.
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The bonding molecular orbitals are lower in energy than the atomic orbitals because of the increased stability associated with the formation of a bond. Conversely, the antibonding molecular orbitals are higher in energy, as shown.
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When a molecule of hydrogen is formed from the atoms, energy is released (104 kcal/ mol). The molecules possessing lower energy are more stable, than the atoms. Hence molecule of hydrogen is more stable than uncombined atoms.
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Atoms are the smallest possible unit of matter- they can’t be split apart or created or destroyed. We now know that this isn’t true at all- atoms are composed of smaller particles, called protons, neutrons, and electrons.