Ernest Rutherford postulated the nuclear structure of the atom, discovered alpha and beta rays, and proposed the laws of radioactive decay.

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Rutherford tested Thomson’s hypothesis by devising his “gold foil” experiment. Rutherford reasoned that if Thomson’s model was correct then the mass of the atom was spread out throughout the atom.

The modern atomic theory, proposed about 1803 by the English chemist John Dalton (Figure 4.2. 1), is a fundamental concept that states that all elements are composed of atoms.

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In Aristotle’s time, atomists held that matter was fundamentally constructed out of atoms. These atoms were indivisible and uniform, of various sizes and shapes, and capable only of change in respect of position and motion, but not intrinsic qualities.

Using scientific reasoning and observation, the Pre-Socratic philosopher Leucippus developed the theory of atomism, which posited that the whole universe is made up of solid atoms constantly moving through void, or empty space. Leucippus’ theory of atomism was developed even further by his pupil, Democritus.

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How do scientists know how atoms are structured? By running experiments that expose their properties.

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Around 450 B.C., the Greek philosopher Democritus introduced the idea of the atom. However, the idea was essentially forgotten for more than 2000 years. In 1800, John Dalton re-introduced the atom.

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In 1911, a British scientist named Ernest Rutherford discovered that an atom is mostly empty space. He concluded that the positively charged particles are contained in a small central core called the nucleus.

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Death to the field of Chemistry for 2000 years! In the early 1800s, the English Chemist John Dalton performed a number of experiments that eventually led to the acceptance of the idea of atoms. He formulated the first atomic theory since the “death of chemistry” that occurred during the prior 2000 years.

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This atomic model has changed over time. Scientists used the model to make predictions. Sometimes the results of their experiments were a surprise and they did not fit with the existing model. Scientists changed the model so that it could explain the new evidence.

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Thomson’s model of atom was rejected because; Although Thomson’s atomic model explained why an atom is electrically neutral, it could not explain the distribution of electrons in the atom.

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The atomic model changes over time because the atomic model was based on theories and discoveries.

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To prove that the particle was indeed the neutron, Chadwick measured its mass. He could not weigh it directly. Instead he measured everything else in the collision and used that information to calculate the mass. For his mass measurement, Chadwick bombarded boron with alpha particles.

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Cathode ray experiment was a result of English physicists named J. J. Thomson experimenting with cathode ray tubes. During his experiment he discovered electron and it is one of the most important discoveries in the history of physics.

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Answer: By 1920, physicists knew that most of the mass of the atom was located in a nucleus at its center, and that this central core contained protons. In May 1932 James Chadwick announced that the core also contained a new uncharged particle, which he called the neutron.

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Of the 1955 microscope, Dr. Mueller recalled later: “It was a sticky day in August that I became the first person to see an atom. On that day, the regular array of atoms and a crystal lattice became clearly visible through the field ion microscope which I had developed.”

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In Thomson’s model, the atom is composed of electrons surrounded by a soup of positive charge to balance the electrons’ negative charges, like negatively charged “plums” surrounded by positively charged “pudding”. The 1904 Thomson model was disproved by Hans Geiger’s and Ernest Marsden’s 1909 gold foil experiment.

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Democritus was a Greek philosopher who lived between 470-380 B.C. He developed the concept of the ‘atom’, Greek for ‘indivisible’. Democritus believed that everything in the universe was made up of atoms, which were microscopic and indestructible. Democritus had many remarkable insights for his time.

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Werner Heisenberg contributed to atomic theory through formulating quantum mechanics in terms of matrices and in discovering the uncertainty principle, which states that a particle’s position and momentum cannot both be known exactly.

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But there was good evidence he was right: the electrons in his model lined up with the regular patterns (spectral series) of light emitted by real hydrogen atoms. Bohr’s theory that electrons existed in set orbits around the nucleus was the key to the periodic repetition of properties of the elements.

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Assuming that matter (e.g., electrons) could be regarded as both particles and waves, in 1926 Erwin Schrödinger formulated a wave equation that accurately calculated the energy levels of electrons in atoms.

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Almost all of an atom’s mass comes from the protons and neutrons in the nucleus. However, because electrons orbit around the nucleus, most of an atom is empty space! The nucleus only accounts for approximately 1/10,000th of the size of an atom. You can’t see atoms with the naked eye, because they’re simply too small.

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The idea that everything is made of atoms was pioneered by John Dalton (1766-1844) in a book he published in 1808. He is sometimes called the “father” of atomic theory, but judging from this photo on the right “grandfather” might be a better term.

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Atoms were created after the Big Bang 13.7 billion years ago. As the hot, dense new universe cooled, conditions became suitable for quarks and electrons to form. Quarks came together to form protons and neutrons, and these particles combined into nuclei.

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In 1932, the physicist James Chadwick conducted an experiment in which he bombarded Beryllium with alpha particles from the natural radioactive decay of Polonium.

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John Dalton (1766-1844) is the scientist credited for proposing the atomic theory.

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It is 100 years since Ernest Rutherford published his results proving the existence of the proton. For decades, the proton was considered an elementary particle.

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Why can’t we see atoms? Quite simply, because they’re so incredibly small! An object is visible when it deflects the light falling on it. The size of atoms falls between 30-300pm, which is approximately of the order 10-12m.

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Tell students that everything they can see and touch is called matter. Explain that all matter on Earth exists in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas, and that solids, liquids, and gases are all made of extremely tiny particles called atoms and molecules.

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Where do atoms come from? Believe it or not, the atoms on Earth, including the ones in you and everything around you, came from outer space. Some atoms came from the original Big Bang that created the universe, but most came from exploding and colliding stars.

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They discovered this by finding the age of rock samples obtained by drilling in the ocean floor. How did scientists discover that rocks farther away from the mid-ocean ridge were older that those near the ridge? Oceanic crust near the mid-ocean ridge is younger than the crust farther from the ridge.

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To confirm the ages obtained with magnetic records, and get an absolute age of the seafloor, scientists use the radioactive dating technique. When the lava solidifies at the ridges to form the new seafloor, radioactive elements coming from the mantle are trapped in it.

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Seafloor Ages The scientists used geologic dating techniques on seafloor rocks. They found that the youngest rocks on the seafloor were at the mid-ocean ridges. The rocks get older with distance from the ridge crest. The scientists were surprised to find that the oldest seafloor is less than 180 million years old.

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Explanation: On the basis of Tharp’s efforts and other new discoveries about the deep-ocean floor, Hess postulated that molten material from Earth’s mantle continuously wells up along the crests of the mid-ocean ridges that wind for nearly 80,000 km (50,000 miles) through all the world’s oceans.

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As the oceanic plate cools, away from the ridge axis, the oceanic mantle lithosphere (the colder, denser part of the mantle that, together with the crust, comprises the oceanic plates) thickens, and the density increases. Thus older seafloor is underlain by denser material and is deeper.

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What technology did scientists use in the mid-1900s to map the mid-ocean ridge? Sonar.

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Age of the oceanic crust increases with the distance from the mid-ocean ridge. And as an eventual event, older oceanic crust encounters a tectonic boundary with continental crust. Explanation: New and thin crusts on earth is located at the actual site of seafloor spreading.

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Back in 1852 an American warship, USS Dolphin had carried out the depth soundings in the Mid-Atlantic that first revealed a shallow zone, later named the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.

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The age, density, and thickness of oceanic crust increases with distance from the mid-ocean ridge.

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As scientists mapped the ocean floor, they found long, curved valleys along the edges of some ocean basins called deep-ocean trenches. Trenches form the deepest parts of Earth’s oceans.

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Discovering the Mid-atlantic ridge The scientists discovered a large rise in the ocean floor during the expedition. Early in 1850 Matthew Fontaine Maury inferred there was a ridge in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean the HMS Challenger confirmed its existence during the 1872 expedition.

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Terms in this set (11) is the temperature at which certain materials lose their permanent magnetic properties to be replaced by induced magnetism. How were mid-ocean ridges discovered? Mid-ocean ridges were discovered by using sound waves.

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Hess discovered that the oceans were shallower in the middle and identified the presence of Mid Ocean Ridges, raised above the surrounding generally flat sea floor (abyssal plain) by as much as 1.5 km.