Nucleic acids are large polymers formed by linking nucleotides together and are found in every cell. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is the nucleic acid that stores genetic information.
How are nucleotide polymers built?
The polymerization of nucleotides occurs in a condensation reaction in which phosphodiester bonds and H2O molecules are formed, as shown in Fig. 2c. The resulting structure resembles the backbone of an RNA molecule in which the nucleotides are found at a well defined distance of 3.4 …, as shown in Fig.
Nucleic Acids ” polymers are DNA and RNA; monomers are nucleotides, which are in turn consist of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group.
How do nucleotides bond to form polymers?
Nucleotides are joined together by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the third carbon atom of the pentose sugar in the next nucleotide. This produces an alternating backbone of sugar ” phosphate ” sugar ” phosphate all along the polynucleotide chain.
How does the formation of nucleic acid polymers differ from the formation of polysaccharides?
Answer. Nucleic acid polymer genrally form either DNA or RNA by differing the base composition. The basic unit of polysaccaride is the monosaccaride which is connected via glycosidic linkage.
How do nucleotides turn into nucleic acids?
As new nucleotides are added to a strand of DNA or RNA, the strand grows at its 3′ end, with the 5′ phosphate of an incoming nucleotide attaching to the hydroxyl group at the 3′ end of the chain. This makes a chain with each sugar joined to its neighbors by a set of bonds called a phosphodiester linkage.
Why are nucleic acids considered polymers?
1 Answer. Because it consists of monomer building blocks.
Why is nucleic acid a polymer?
Each nucleotide contains a ribose sugar, a nucleobase, and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are covalently linked together through 3′ ‘5′ phosphodiester bonds between adjacent ribose units, giving the directionality to the sugar-phosphate backbone that defines RNA as a polynucleic acid.
Which polymer is made of nucleotides quizlet?
chapter 10.2 DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides.
What chemical is released when the bond is formed between the two nucleotides?
Nucleotides are joined together similarly to other biological molecules, by a condensation reaction that releases a small, stable molecule. Unlike proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, however, the molecule that is released is not water but pyrophosphate (two phosphate groups bound together).
What is formed by the hydrolysis of a nucleotide?
On hydrolysis (as the process is a complete hydrolysis) the products are sugar, base and phosphoric acid.
Why does the structure of the DNA polymer make it so stable?
The main bonding in DNA which renders the double helix structure so stable is that of hydrogen bonds. Between the complementary base pairs, hydrogen bonds connect the two strands of the helix. There are 3 H bonds between Guanine and Cytosine and 2 between Adenine and Thymine.
Which are linear polymers of nucleotides?
Nucleic acids are linear polymers (chains) of nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of three components: a purine or pyrimidine nucleobase (sometimes termed nitrogenous base or simply base), a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group which makes the molecule acidic.
Is nucleic acid genetic material?
The two main classes of nucleic acids are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). DNA is the master blueprint for life and constitutes the genetic material in all free-living organisms and most viruses.
How are polymers synthesized?
Polymerization, or polymer synthesis, is a chemical reaction in which monomers are joined together by covalent bonding to form polymer structures. The length of the polymer chain is characterized by the number of repeating units in the chain, which is referred to as degree of polymerization (DP).
What is removed during the formation of nucleic acid polymers?
The phosphates remain part of polymer and answer di amino acids don’t actually have anything to do with the formation of nucleic acid. So the correct answer again is be that hydroxide groups are removed and the dehydration synthesis reaction that joins two nucleotides together to form a polymer.
Why do lipids not form polymers?
Each different type of macromolecule, except lipids, is built from a different set of monomers that resemble each other in composition and size. Lipids are not polymers, because they are not built from monomers (units with similar composition).
How is nucleic acid metabolized?
Nucleic acid metabolism is the process by which nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are synthesized and degraded. Nucleic acids are the polymers of nucleotides. Nucleotide synthesis is an anabolic mechanism generally involving the chemical reaction of phosphate, pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
What is nucleotide how is it formed?
A nucleotide is the basic building block of nucleic acids. RNA and DNA are polymers made of long chains of nucleotides. A nucleotide consists of a sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA) attached to a phosphate group and a nitrogen-containing base.
Why are nucleic acids not polymers?
If the forming units of the given biological macromolecules are considered, proteins are formed of amino acids joined one after the other, polysaccharides are formed from monosaccharides, nucleic acids are formed of nucleotides. Only lipids are not made of uniform components, that is, they are not polymeric.
Why are proteins and nucleic acids considered polymers?
1 Answer. A polymer is made up of multiple sub units tied together. A protein is made up of multiple subunits called amino acids.
What is a nucleic acid made of?
A nucleic acid is a long molecule made up of smaller molecules called nucleotides. Nucleic acids were discovered in 1868, when twenty-four-year-old Swiss physician Friedrich Miescher isolated a new compound from the nuclei of white blood cells.
What is the polymer of nucleic acid quizlet?
Polynucleotide= a nucleic acid polymer that’s built from its monomers by dehydration reactions.
What monomers make nucleic acids?
Nucleic acids are giant biomolecules made of monomers called nucleotides. Nucleotides have three components: pentose sugar (5-carbon sugar), phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
What part makes DNA an acid?
The acidic component of DNA is its phosphate group, and the basic component of DNA is its nitrogenous base.
What is the name of the bond formed when two nucleotides are linked together at the 3 end?
DNA and RNA are composed of nucleotides that are linked to one another in a chain by chemical bonds, called ester bonds, between the sugar base of one nucleotide and the phosphate group of the adjacent nucleotide. The sugar is the 3′ end, and the phosphate is the 5′ end of each nucleiotide.
What is the name of the bond formed when nucleotides are joined in a single strand?
The nucleotides forming each DNA strand are connected by noncovalent bonds, called hydrogen bonds. Considered individually, hydrogen bonds are much weaker than a single covalent bond, such as a phosphodiester bond.
What happens when nucleotides polymerize to form a nucleic acid?
When nucleotides polymerize to form a nucleic acid: a. a covalent bond forms between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of a second.
What are the hydrolysis product of nucleic acid?
Complete hydrolysis of chromosomal nucleic acids gave inorganic phosphate, 2-deoxyribose (a previously unknown sugar) and four different heterocyclic bases (shown in the following diagram). To reflect the unusual sugar component, chromosomal nucleic acids are called deoxyribonucleic acids, abbreviated DNA.
Why nucleic acids are called acids?
The name “nucleic acid” comes from the fact that they were first described because they actually had acidic properties, much like the acids that you know. And the nucleic part comes from the fact that they were first isolated because they were found in the nucleus.
What is nucleic acid hydrolysis?
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. RNA hydrolysis is a reaction in which a phosphodiester bond in the sugar-phosphate backbone of RNA is broken, cleaving the RNA molecule. RNA is susceptible to this base-catalyzed hydrolysis because the ribose sugar in RNA has a hydroxyl group at the 2′ position.
How does structure of DNA relate to its function?
DNA winds into a double helix, with hydrogen bonding between the bases of each strand like the rungs of a ladder. This structure enables DNA to coil so that the long molecule is compact and lots of information can be stored in a small space.
How the structure of DNA affects the function of DNA?
DNA’s unique structure enables the molecule to copy itself during cell division. When a cell prepares to divide, the DNA helix splits down the middle and becomes two single strands. These single strands serve as templates for building two new, double-stranded DNA molecules ” each a replica of the original DNA molecule.
How do DNA molecules make a copy of itself?
If the two strands of a DNA molecule are separated, each can be used as a pattern or template to produce a complementary strand. Each template and its new complement together then form a new DNA double helix, identical to the original.
Are triglycerides polymers of lipids?
Fatty acids form more complex lipid polymers called triglycerides, triacylglycerols or triacylglycerides when each single-bonded oxygen molecule bonds to a carbon that’s part of a glycerol molecule.
What is the direction of the phosphodiester linkage formed between two nucleotides?
The two strands runs in opposite direction. Two nucleotide are linked through 3′’5′ phosphodiester linkage to from dinucleotide. In this, the phosphodiester bond is present between the 3′ carbon atom of one sugar molecule and the 5′ carbon atom of another sugar molecule.
What is amino acid polymer?
Amino acids are linked together into linear chains called polypeptides. While the terms polypeptide and protein are sometimes used interchangeably, a polypeptide is technically a polymer of amino acids, whereas the term protein is a polypeptide or polypeptides that have a distinct shape and a unique function.
What is nucleic acid in biochemistry?
A nucleic acid is a chain of nucleotides which stores genetic information in biological systems. It creates DNA and RNA, which store the information needed by cells to create proteins. This information is stored in multiple sets of three nucleotides, known as codons.
Who determined that genetic directions were composed of nucleic acids?
Only one year after Hershey and Chase performed these experiments, James Watson and Francis Crick determined the three-dimensional structure of DNA. This discovery enabled investigators to put together the story of how DNA carries hereditary information from cell to cell.
What are the important nucleic acids in a cell and of what units are they constructed?
In Summary: Nucleic Acids Nucleic acids are molecules made up of nucleotides that direct cellular activities such as cell division and protein synthesis. Each nucleotide is made up of a pentose sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group. There are two types of nucleic acids: DNA and RNA.
How is polyethylene synthesized?
How is PE Made? Polyethylene, like other plastics, starts with the distillation of hydrocarbon fuels (ethane in this case) into lighter groups called “fractions,” some of which are combined with other catalysts to produce plastics (typically via polymerization or polycondensation).
Why are polymers synthesized?
Polymer synthesis occurs when small molecules are linked together in order to create a larger structure (a macromolecule). In other words, the method for making macromolecules from smaller substituents (monomers) is polymer synthesis.
Where do polymers originate?
Most polymers are obtained from crude oil often found deep within the Earth’s crust . It is accessed by drilling, which can be a costly and messy process. Some polymers can be derived from natural sources, such as plants.
How does the formation of nucleic acid polymers differ from the formation of polysaccharides?
Answer. Nucleic acid polymer genrally form either DNA or RNA by differing the base composition. The basic unit of polysaccaride is the monosaccaride which is connected via glycosidic linkage.
What does dehydration synthesis lead to the formation of?
Dehydration synthesis involves the formation of new chemical bonds between two molecules which leads to the formation of new compounds. A reaction occurs with the loss of water molecule at each step.